encyclopedia
MEMOIRE: HISTOIRE
SACREE.
HISTOIRE DES PROHPETIES.
ECCLESIASTIQUE.
CIVILE, ANC. ET MODERNE
HIST. CIVILE, proprement dite.
MEMOIRES.
ANTIQUITES.
HISTOIRE COMPLETE.
NATURELLE
UNIFORMITE DE LA NATURE.
HISTOIRE CELESTE.
HISTOIRE
DES METEORES.
DE LA TERRE ET DE LA MER.
DES MINERAUX.
DES VEGETAUX.
DES ANIMAUX.
DES ELEMENS.
ECARTS DE LA NATURE.
PRODIGES CELESTES.
METEORES PRODIGIEUX.
PRODIGES SUR LA TERRE ET LA MER.
MINERAUX MONSTRUEUX.
VEGETAUX MONSTRUEUX.
ANIMAUX MONSTRUEUX.
PRODIGES DES ELEMENS.
USAGES DE LA NATURE.
ARTS. METIERS. MANUFACTURES.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DE L'OR ET DE L'ARGENT.
MONNOYEUR.
BATTEUR D'OR.
FILEUR D'OR.
TIREUR D'OR.
ORFEVRE.
PLANEUR.
METTEUR EN OEUVRE, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DE PIERRES FINES ET PRECIEUSES.
LAPIDAIRE.
DIAMENTAIRE.
JOAILLIER, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DU FER.
?
SERRURERIE.
TAILLANDERIE.
ARMURERIE.
ARQUEbUSERIE, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DU VERRE.
VERRERIES.
GLACES.
MIROITIER.
LUNETIER.
VITRIER, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DES PEAUX.
TANEUR.
CHAMOISEUR.
PEAUSSIER.
GANTIER, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DE LA PIERRE, DU PLATRE, DE L'ARDOISE, &c.
ARCHITECTURE PRATIQUE
SCULPTURE PRACTIQUE.
MASSON.
COUVREUR, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DE LA SOIE.
TIRAGE.
MOULINAGE.
OUVRAGE, comme
VELOURS,
DROGUETS BROCHES, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES DE LA LAINE.
DRAPERIE.
BONNETERIE, &c.
TRAVAIL ET USAGES, &c.
RAISON: PHILOSOPHIE.
METAPHYSIQUE GENERALE, ou ONTOLOGIE, ou SCIENCE DE L'ETRE EN GENERAL, DE LA POSSIBILITE, DE L'EXISTENCE, DE LA DUREE, &c.
SCIENCE DE DIEU.
THEOLOGIE NATURELLE. THEOLOGIE REVELEE.
RELIGION, D'ou par abus, SUPERSTITIONS.
SCIENCE DES ESPRITS BIEN ET MAL FAISANS.
DIVINATION.
MAGIE NOIRE.
SCIENCE DE L'HOMME.
PNEUMATOLOGIE ou SCIENCE DE L'AME
RAISONNABLE.
SENSITIVE.
LOGIQUE.
ART DE PENSER.
APPREHENSION.
JUDGEMENT ....
SCIENCE DES PROPOSITIONS.
RAISONNEMENT.
INDUCTION.
ET METHODE ...
DEMONSTRATION
ANALYSE.
SYNTHESE.
ART DE RETENIR.
MEMOIRE ...
NATURELLE
ARTIFICIELLE.
PRENOTION.
EMBLESME.
SUPPLEMENT DE LA MEMOIRE
ECRITURE IMPRIMERIE
ALPHABETH.
CHIFFRES ..
ARTS D'ECRIRE, D'IMPRIMER, DE LIRE, DE DECHIFFRER.
ORTHOGRAPHE.
ART DE COMMUNIQUER.
SCIENCE DE L'INSTRUMENT DU DISCOURS.
GRAMMAIRE
SIGNES ...
PROSODIE. CONSTRUCTION. SYNTAXE. PHILOLOGIE. CRITIQUE.
PEDAGOGIQUE.
CHOIX DES ETUDES.
MANIERE D'ENSEIGNER.
SCIENCE DES QUALITES DU DISCOURS.
RHETORIQUE.
MECHANIQUE DE LA POESIE ou VERSIFICATION.
MORALE
GENERALE
SCIENCE DU BIEN ET DU MAL EN GENERAL. DES DEVOIRS EN GENERAL. DE LA VERTU. DE LA NECESSITE D'ESTRE VERTUEUX, &c.
PARTICULIERE.
SCIENCE DES LOIX ou JURISPRUDENCE
NATURELLE.
ECONOMIQUE.
COMMERCE INTERIEUR, EXTERIEUR, DE TERRE, DE MER.
POLITIQUE.
COMMERCE INTERIEUR, EXTERIEUR, DE TERRE, DE MER.
SCIENCE DE LA NATURE.
METAPHYSIQUE DES CORPS, ou PHYSIQUE GENERALE. DE L'ETENDUE, DE L'IMPENETRABILITE, DU MOUVEMENT, DU VOIDE, &c.
MATHEMATIQUES
PURES.
ARITHMETIQUE.
NUMERIQUE.
ALGEBRE...
ELEMENTAIRE.
INFINITESIMALE.
DIFFERENTIELLE.
INTEGRALE.
GEOMETRIE.
ELEMENTAIRE.
ARCHITECTURE MILITAIRE. TACTIQUE.
TRANSCENDANTE.
THEORIE DES COURBES.
MIXTES.
MECHANIQUE.
STATIQUE..
STATIQUE, proprement dite.
HYDROSTATIQUE.
DYNAMIQUE
DYNAMIQUE, proprement dite.
BALLISTIQUE.
HYDRODYNAMIQUE.
HYDRAULIQUE.
NAVIGATION.
ARCHIT.
NAVALE.
ASTRONOMIE GEOMETRIQUE.
COSMOGRAPHIE.
URANOGRAPHIE.
GEOGRAPHIE.
HYDROGRAPHIE.
CHRONOLOGIE.
GNOMONIQUE.
OTTIQUE ....
OPTIQUE, proprement dite.
DIOPTRIQUE. PERSPECTIVE.
CATOPTRIQUE.
ACOUSTIQUE. PNEUMATIQUE. ART DE CONJECTURER.
ANALYSE DES HAZARDS.
PHYSICOMATHEMATIQUES.
PHYSIQUE PARTICULIERE.
ZOOLOGIE ...
ANATOMIE
SIMPLE.
COMPAREE.
PHYSIOLOGIE
MEDECINE
HYGIENE ...
HYGIENE, proprement dite.
COSMETIQUE
( ORTOPHEDIE.
ATHLETIQUE.
( GYMNASTIQUE.
PATHOLOGIE.
SEMEIOTIQUE.
THERAPEUTIQUE.
DIETE.
CHIRURGIE.
PHARMACIE.
VETERINAIRE.
MANEGE.
CHASSE.
PESCHE.
FAUCONNERIE.
ASTRONOMIE PHYSIQUE.
ASTROLOGIE.
ASTROLOGIE JUDICAIRE.
ASTROLOGIE PHYSIQUE.
METEOROLOGIE.
COSMOLOGIE.
URANOLOGIE.
AEROELOGIE.
GEOLOGIE.
HYDROLOGIE.
BOTANIQUE.
AGRICULTURE.
JARDINAGE.
MINERALOGIE.
CHIMIE ...
CHIMIE, proprement dite.
( PYROTECHMIE, TEINTURE, &c.
METALLURGIE.
ALCHIMIE.
MAGIE NATURELLE.
IMAGINATION: POESIE
PROFANE. SACREE.
NARRATIVE.
POEME EPIQUE. MADRIGAL. EPIGRAMME
MUSIQUE.
THEORIQUE.
PRATIQUE.
INSTRUMENTALE.
VOCALE.
PEINTURE.
ROMAN, &c.
SCULPTURE.
ARCHITECTURE CIVILE.
GRAVURE.
DRAMATIQUE.
TRAFEDIE.
COMEDIE.
OPERA.
PASTORALES, &c.
PARABOLIQUE.
ALLEGORIES.
cyclopaedia
KNOWLEDGE, is either
Natural and Scientifical, which is either
Sensible; consisting in ther Perception of Phaenomena, or External Objects—called PHYSIOLOGY, or NATURAL HISTORY; and which according to the different Kinds of such Objects, divides into
METEOROLOGY.
HYDROLOGY.
MINEROLOGY.
PHYTOLOGY.
ZOOLOGY.
Rational; consisting in the Perception of the intrinsick Characters or Habitutes of sensible Objects—either
Their Powers and Properties—called PHYSICKS and NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.
Abstracts thereof—called METAPHYSICS—which subdivides into
ONTOLOGY.
PNEUMATOLOGY.
Quantities thereof—called MATHEMATICS—which divides, according to the Subject of the Quantity, into
ARITHMIC
ANALYTICS.
ALGEBRA.
GEOMETRY
TRIGONOMETRY.
CONIGS.
SPHERICS.
STATICS
Relations thereof to our Happiness—called RELIGION, or the Doctrine of OFFICES, which subdivides into—
ETHICS, or NATURAL RELIGION—whence
POLITICS.
LAW.
THEOLOGY, or RELEVATION.
Artificial and Technical, (consisting in the Application of Natural Notices to further Purposes) which is either
Internal; employ'd in discovering their Agreement and Disagreement; or their Relations in respect of Truth—call'd LOGICS.
External, which is either—
Real, employ'd in discovering and applying the—
Futher Powers and Properties of Bodies—called CHYMISTRY—whence
ALCHEMY.
NATURAL MAGIC, etc.
Quantities of Bodies—call'd MIX'D MATHEMATICS; which according to the different Subjects resolves into
OPTICS, CATOPTRICS, DIOPTRICS—whence
PERSPECTIVE.
PAINTING.
PHONIC—whence
MUSICK.
HYDROSTATICS, HYDRAULICS.
PNEUMATICS.
MECHANICS—whence
ARCHITECTURE.
SCULPTURE.
TRADES, and MANUFACTURES.
PYROTECHNIA—whence
THE MILLITARY Art.
FORTIFICATION.
ASTRONOMY—whence
CHRONOLOGY.
DIALLING.
GEOGRAPHY, HYDROGRAPHY—whence
NAVIGATION.
COMMERCE.
Structure and Oeconomy of Organical Bodies—called ANATOMY.
Relations thereof to the Preservation and Improvement—either of
Animals—called
MEDICINE.
PHARMACY.
Vegetables—called
AGRICULTURE.
GARDENING.
Brutes—called
FARRYING, MANAGE—whence
HUNTING.
FALCONRY.
FISHING, etc.
Symbolical, employ'd in framing
Words, or Articulate Signs of Ideas—called GRAMMAR.
Figures—called RHETORIC—whence
The making of Armories, called HERALDRY.
Fables—called POETRY.
greatinventions
Abbot, C. G. (Charles Greeley), 1872 / Great inventions (1932)
Pioneering in Electricity
Dynamos and Motors
The Dynamo
The Alternating-Current Motor
Electrons and X Rays
Solids and Electric Conduction
The Electron Tube Amplifier
X Rays
Practical Use of Properties of Atomic Structures
Telegraphy and Telephony
Early Work on Electric Signaling
The First Commercial Telegraph
The Cable
The Telephone
Radio Transmission
The Electric Light
Prime Movers
Water Power
Heat Power
Steam Engines
Internal Combustion Engines
Mechanical Transportation
The Steamboat
The Locomotive and Other Railroad Inventions
Two Great Railroad Pioneers
The Automobile
Household and Farm Inventions
Mechanical Refrigeration
The Sewing Machine
Inventions Concerned with Agriculture
Outstanding Manufactured Products
Paper
Rubber
Glass
Steel
The Graphic Arts
Wood and Metal Engraving
Photography
Photoengraving
Photolithography
Photogravure
polyhistor
Rome
Hercules’s chapel
Hercules’s club
Jupiter Foretrius’s temple
armour of Acron
Venus temple
breastplate decorated with British pearls
gown of pearls valued at 400,000 sestertius belonging to Lollia Paulina, wife of Caius
Alectorius stone
things that resemble one another
a French boy and an Asian boy enslaved to Antony
Roman spoils
by Lucius Sicinius
horsetrappers
pure spears
bracelets
crowns
by Marcus Sergius
a hand of iron
civil crowns
from Thrasymenus
from Trebia
from Pauy
from Canuas
Italy
stony fields in Lombardy
image of Diana of Scythia in Arricia
image of Venus in Laurent
image of Pallas of Diomed in Laurent
burned books of Sybil
burning wood at Mountain Soractee
stones
stone of lynx urine
draws things near
qualifies grief of rains
remedies King’s evil
coral in Ligurian sea
withstands whirlwinds
withstands thunder and lightning
syrtite in Lucania
Veientine stone
Corsica
Catochite stone
Sardinia
silver mines
sardonia herb
still pools full of fish
warm springs
knits broken bones
expels poison of the Shonsunnes
cures diseases of the eyes
blinds thieves
Sicily
fruit of Centuripe
engines of Archimedes
salt
salt of Agrigento
purple salt of Enna
transparent salt of Pachino
musical instruments made of reeds
precentories
vasks
maidenpipes
gingrenes
milvines
Lydians
Corinthians
Egyptians
oil on lake of Agrigento
sacrificial vines on the Vulcan hill
agate
ring of King Pyrrhus with image of nine muses
coral agates of Crete
Indian agate
myrrh-scented agate
clear agate of Cyprus
Greece
fountains of mountain Tomarus
holy well of Epyre
galactite of Nylus and Achelous
makes a nursing woman give milk
makes a child swallow spittle
erases memory
asbestos
honey of Hymet
first garments of fine-spun wool in Ceos
two rivers of Baeotia
one makes sheep’s fleece russet
one makes sheep’s fleece white
Thessaly
altar to Jupiter
objects protected from wind
objects protected from air
Aster’s arrow that blinded the eye of Philip II
Macedonia
great stones at Phlegra
images of gold
to Apollo at Delphos
to Jupiter at Elis
paeantis [garnet]
Thrace
husbands chosen according to their mercantile skills
Crete
first skilled shooting
Pyrrhic dance in armour
invention of music on brass
Idaeus dactylus stone [Belemnite fossils]
Caristos
Hellops hot baths
inflammable fine linen
brass
Paros
Parian marble
sarda stone [carnelian]
Hellespont [Dardanelles]
a bridge of ships made by Xerxes
Ister
beaver testicles
pontica stone [agate or sapphire]
River Borysthenes [Dniepr]
local customs
Neuri worship swords
Gelnoians make clothing and horse armour of human skin
Agathyrses use blue face-paint
Essedons drink out of their neighbours’ skulls bound with gold
Georgians till the land
Axiaces do not covet goods
Satarches condemn use of gold and silver
Scythians drink out of their enemies’ skulls
Scythian stones
emerald
plain
brazen
cyan
male
female
crystal
drinking glasses
Caspian Sea
leopard’s bane [genus Aconitum] used to poison panthers
Harts
horns
drive away serpents
show sickness
treat flu
Germany
glowing bird-feathers
cups made of aurochs horns
Scandinavia
crystal
amber
callais [turquoise]
ceraunia [prehistoric stone artefacts]
Gallia
chirurgeon’s oil
Britain
swords trimmed with teeth of monsters
keels of wicker and cow’s leather
Silures [Welsh] barter rather than use money
King has nothing but takes of ever man
chapel of Minerva turns coal embers to stone
jet
burns in water
goes out in oil
gives power when warm
absorbs things
Spain
silver
gold
iron
vines
olives
corn
ship’s cables
salt mines
wool dyed with sinople
ceraunia [prehistoric stone artefacts]
lead in the isles of the Cassiterides [Briére marshes]
Libya
down-coloured leaves
euphorbia herb
clears eyesight
expels venoms
flutes
cymbals
Mauritania
cinnabar of dragon’s blood
Numidia [Algeria]
marble
one hundred bears shown at great theatre of Rome by Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus
Africa
stone of the hyena’s eye
gives the power of prophecy
poisons
dipsas kills with thirst
hypnale kills with sleep
heliotrope [bloodstone]
alters colours of sunbeams in a brass pan
makes bearer invisible when mingled with heliotrope herb
nasamonite
Ammon’s horn stone [ammonite fossils]
brings heavenly dreams
ammoniacum [gum-resin] of melons tree
milk of sirpe [silphium resin]
cockatrice carcass hung in net of gold in Temple of Apollo
Nation of the Hammanians [Ghadames, Libya]
houses of salt
carbuncles
Garama [Germa, Libya]
fountain in Debris
cold in daytime
hot at nighttime
Ethiopia
paper made of rushes
Macrobians decked with brass
Heliutrapeza [Meroë] is continually furnished with dainty fare
lake water
makes bodies look anointed with oil
wholesome to drink
so thin that leaves sink to the bottom
stone from dragon brain
cinnamon
jacinth
chrysolamp [peridot]
hematite
Nations of Libya
hexecontalithos stone
Gamphasants abstain from wares and merchandise
Egypt
cup of gold cast into Nile to celebrate birth day of Apis
drink made of Nile skinks
ease numbness of sinews
kill force of poison
fig wood
gates of Thebes [Luxor] where Arabians bring merchandise from all parts of the world
pyramids
Arabia
fountain on Red Sea shore turns sheep’s fleece deep yellow
goat-hair tents of the Scenitæ [Malians]
Eudaemon [Aden]
hill made by hand
spices
frankincense
myrrh
cinnamon-twig nests made by cinnamon birds
Arabians do not buy wares of other nations
stones
sardonyx
malachite
iris [quartz] in the Red Sea
androdamant [fluorite]
pederote [opal]
Jaffa
rock marked by chains of Andromeda
Jewry [Israel]
bitumen from Lake Asphaltites [Dead Sea]
balm [balsam]
apple of Sodom
Rivers Euphrates and Tigris
precious stones
zmilaces [cat’s eye]
sagda
attaches to bottom of ships’ keels
myrrhite
mithridax
tecolithos [solvent stone]
breaks up kidney stones
ammochryse
aetites [hollow geode]
contains a spirit
protects pregnant women from early delivery
pyrite
burns when compressed
chalazias
echites
dionysias
glossopetre [shark tooth]
jewel of the sun
Venus’s hair stone [quartz crystal]
selenite
meconite [oolite]
myrmekite
chalcophthongos
siderite
stirs discord
phlogites
anthracias [carbuncle]
enhydros [enhydro agate]
Cilicia
saffron at Corycus
chapel of Jupiter
couch of the Giant Typhon
Lesser Asia [Anatolia]
saffron on mount Tmolus
gold in river Pactolus
Assyria [Mesopotamia]
ointments
Caspian Gates
stones yield moisture that congeals into ice
River Oxus [Amu Darya]
altar of Liber Pater
altar of Hercules
altar of Semiramis
altar of Cyrus
temple of Apollo at Didyma
Seres [Northern Chinese]
silk
eschew foreign merchandise
India
metals
gold soil
silver soil
garments
linen
wool
tree bark
wood
green bay
box
ebony
images of the gods
unpoisonable cups
fountain of Ganges
plants
vines
reed
knotted boats
pepper
calamus
sweet odour
remedy for bowels
gems
diamond
uses
drives away franticness
resists venoms
expels vain fears
source
crystal
impervious to iron and fire
can be broken when steeped in goat’s blood
gold
copper
mines
lychnite [Parian marble]
oriental purple
sheer scarlet
beryl
red and deep blue with green
chrysoberyl
chrysoprase
bastard jacinth
Taprobane [Sri Lanka/Sumatra]
mother pearls
white if water is pure
coloured or stained with red if water is troubled
brighter with morning dew
dimmer with evening dew
precious stones
coins of equal weight stamped with different faces
syrma [skirt]
convicted king is punished with death through forbidding him the use of all things
sea tortoise shell used as a house
golden cups set with jewels
checkered marble
Carmania [Kerman, Iran]
clothing made of fishskin
Persia
gold is bought and buried in Babytace [a city of Persis] to prevent covetousness
units of measure
schemes
parasanges
unknown
Parthia
Pasargadae castle
tomb of King Cyrus
Atlantic islands
ship made of wood covered with leather
venomed darts
skin of Gorgon women hung in the Temple of Juno
reeds as big as trees
black yield bitter liquor
white yield good juice
fields full of fruitful trees
dates
pineapples
honey
etymologiae
grammar
letters
common letters Latin letters
parts of speech
noun
proper noun
praenomen
name
cognomen
agnomen
appellative noun
corporeal can be seen or touched
sky
earth
incorporeal lack a body
truth
justice
general denote many things
animal
human
horse
bird
specific indicate a sub-class
man, a type (species) of animal
primary are not derived from other words
mountain
fount
derivative derive from another noun
mountainous region
diminutive diminish the meaning
Graeculus (“Greekling”)
little scholar
diminutive in sound but conceptually primary nouns
table
fable
entirely Greek
entirely Latin
medial are part Greek and part Latin
synonymous share a single meaning
earth
terra
humus
tellus
homonymous have different meanings
tumulus
low hill
rising ground
grave-mound
relational
teacher
master
father
patronymic
epithet
agent derive from action
leader
king
runner
nurse
orator
ethnic
Greek
Roman
verbal come from verb
reader
participial
quasi-verbal
contemplator
gendered
masculine
feminine
neuter
common
epicene
inclusive
pronoun
verb
adverb
participle
conjunction
preposition
interjection
sounds
syllable
metrical feet
accents
signs
accent marks
punctuation
critical signs
asterisk means omission
obolus means superfluous or false
obolus with dot above means doubt
lemniscus for different translations
antigraphus for different meanings
asterisk with obolus means wrong location
paragraphus separates topics
positura separates ends from beginnings
cryphia means unanswerable
antisimma means transposed verses
antisimma with point means doubt between verses
diple refers to Sacred Scriptures
diple with a point distinguishes Mount Olympus from heavenly Olympus
diple with two points means incorrect editing by Zenodotus of Ephesus
reverse diple with obolus means a reference
diple with obolus above it means changed conditions of place, time, and people
diple pointing right and reversed with an obolus above means completion and repetition
ceraunium means rejected verses
chrisimon means individual distinction
phi and rho draws attention
upward anchor means exceedingly great subject matter
downward anchor means denouncing of the base and improper
corona means the end
alogus means errors
common shorthand signs
signs used in law
military signs
epistolary codes
finger signals
orthography
analogy
from quality
from comparative degree
from gender from number
from form
from case
from endings with similar syllables
from similarity of tenses
etymology
from rationale
from origin
from derivation
from sounds
from Greek with Latin declension
from names of places
from foreign languages
“Not all words were established by the ancients from nature; some were established by whim, just as we sometimes give names to our slaves and possessions according to what tickles our fancy. Hence it is the case that etymologies are not to be found for all words, because some things received names not according to their innate qualities, but by the caprice of human will.”
glosses
differentiation
“Two things, of the kind that are confused with each other because of a certain quality that they have in common, are distinguished by an inferred difference, through which it is understood what each of the two is. For instance, one asks what is the difference between a ‘king’ and a ‘tyrant’: we define what each is by applying a differentiation, so that a king is restrained and temperate, but a tyrant is cruel. Thus when the differentiation between these two has been given, then one knows what each of them is.” faults
barbarism
solecism
acyrology
cacenphaton
metaplasm
schema
trope
metaphor
from animate to animate
from inanimate to inanimate
from inanimate to animate
from animate to inanimate
in one direction
antistropha (reciprocal)
catachresis
metalepsis
metonymy
antonomasia
epithet
synecdoche
onomatopoeia
periphrasis
hyperbaton
hysteron proteron
parenthesis
tmesis
synthesis
hyperbole
allegory
irony
antiphrasis
riddle
charientismos
paroemia
sarcasm
astysmos
homoeosis
icon (image)
parabola (comparison)
paradigm (model)
comparison
from an equal
from a greater
from a lesser
prose
meters
fable
Aesopian when dumb or inanimate things converse with each other
Libystican when humans converse with dumb or inanimate things
history rhetoric argument
dispute
oration
case
syllogism
law
permission
punishment
maxim
confirmation and refutation
prosopopoeia
“Thus we bring in speaking mountains and rivers or trees, imposing personhood on a thing that does not have the capacity for speech.”
ethopoeia
question
style
register
“One ought to speak of humble things softly, of dramatic matters emphatically, of varied matters moderately.”
clause, phrase, and sentence
faults
dialectic
philosophy
speculative
“Having passed beyond visible things, we contemplate in some measure concerning divine and heavenly things, and we investigate those things by the mind alone because they pass beyond the corporeal gaze.”
natural
“Nothing is generated in life, but rather each thing is classified by those properties according to which the Creator defined it, unless perhaps by the will of God some miracle is shown to occur.”
doctrinal
“The science that studies abstract quantity, for that quantity is called abstract which we treat with pure reason, separating it by the intellect from matter or from other accidental qualities.”
divine
practical
moral
economic
civil
“In every discourse about substance we ought to include species and differentiae until, when all things that could be the same thing are excluded, we may attain the object, so that its individual nature may now be held fixed.”
category
instrument
equivocal
univocal
denominative
species
essential
substance
accidental
within the essence quantity
quality
situation
apart from the essence
place
time
habit both within and apart from the essence
relation activity
passivity
interpretation
logical syllogism
first formulation
universal affirmation directly from universal affirmation
“Every just thing is decent; every decent thing is good; therefore every just thing is good.”
universal negation directly from universal affirmation and negation
“Every just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore no just thing is wicked.”
particular affirmation directly from particular and universal affirmation
“A particular just thing is decent; all decent things are useful; therefore that particular just thing is useful.”
particular negation directly from particular affirmation and universal negation
“A particular just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked.”
particular affirmation indirectly from universal affirmation
“Every just thing is decent; every decent thing is good; therefore a particular good thing is just.”
universal negation indirectly from universal affirmation and negation
“Every just thing is decent; no decent thing is wicked; therefore no wicked thing is just.”
particular affirmation indirectly from particular and universal affirmation
“A particular just thing is decent; every decent thing is useful; therefore that particular just thing is useful.”
particular negation indirectly from universal affirmation and negation
“No wicked thing is decent; every decent thing is just; therefore a particular wicked thing is not just.”
particular negation indirectly from universal negation and particular affirmation
“No wicked thing is decent; a particular decent thing is just; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked.”
second formulation
universal negation directly from universal affirmation and negation “Every just thing is decent; no wicked thing is decent; therefore no wicked thing is just.”
universal negation directly from universal negation and affirmation
“No wicked thing is decent; every just thing is decent; therefore no wicked thing is just.”
particular negation directly from particular affirmation and universal negation
“A particular just thing is decent; no wicked thing is decent; therefore that particular just thing is not wicked.”
particular negation directly from particular negation and universal affirmation
“A particular just thing is not wicked; every bad thing is wicked; therefore that particular just thing is not bad.”
third formulation
particular affirmation directly and indirectly from universal affirmation
“Every just thing is decent; every decent thing is just; every just thing is good; therefore a particular decent thing is good, a particular good thing is decent.”
particular affirmation directly from particular and universal affirmation
“A particular just thing is decent; every just thing is good; therefore a particular decent thing is good.”
particular affirmation directly from universal and particular affirmation
“Every just thing is decent; a particular just thing is good; therefore a particular decent thing is good.” particular negation directly from universal affirmation and particular negation
“Every just thing is decent; no just thing is bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad.”
particular negation directly from particular affirmation and universal negation
“A particular just thing is decent; no just thing is bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad.”
particular negation directly from universal affirmation and particular negation “Every just thing is decent; a particular just thing is not bad; therefore a particular decent thing is not bad.” definition
substance
notion
quality
description
gloss
differentiation
metaphor
contrary
outline
analogy
exclusion
praise
relationship
by definition
by cause
topics
inherent in the thing itself
effects of other matters
taken from outside
opposites
diverse
with a middle
without a middle
with an unnamed middle
relative
possession or deprivation
in the thing
in the place
at the appropriate time affirmation and negation mathematics
arithmetic
number
divisibility
even
odd
equality
equal
unequal
major
minor
continuity
discrete
continuous
linear
planar
triangular
quadrangular
pentagonal
circular
solid
pyramid
cube
sphere
music
vocal
blown
trumpet
flute
reed
fistula
sambuca
pandorius
rhythmic
cithara
psaltery
lyre
drum
cymbal
rattle
metal vessel geometry
planes
numeric size
rational size
solid figures
astronomy
world
heavens
earth
seas
stars medicine
humors
blood
bile
black bile
phlegm
illnesses
remedies
pharmaceutics
hiera
arteriace
tyriaca, made from snakes
cathartics
catapotia
diamoron, made from mulberry juice
diacodion, made from poppies
diaspermaton, made from seeds
electuarium
lozenge
surgery
regimen
books
aphorism
prognostic
dinamidia (on the power of herbs)
botanical treatise
instruments
enchiridion
lancet
cupping glass
mortar
pestle
scents and ointments
incense
myrrh
balsam
ointment
simple
composite
laws and times
natural law
union of man and woman children’s inheritance
education
common possession of everything
single freedom for all
right to acquire whatever is taken from the sky, the earth, and the sea
return of something entrusted
return of deposited money
repulsion of violence by force civil law
law of nations
military law
public law
Roman law
legal inheritance cretio guardianship
usucapio, acquisition of ownership by use
Rhodian law
nautical commerce
private statute
property
inheritance
intestate
caducei, property without an heir
familia herciscunda, division among heirs
legal title
goods
“Goods are the possessions of honorable or noble people, and they are called ‘goods’ (bona) for that reason, because they have no base use, but people make use of them for good (bonus) purposes.”
peculium
“A peculium relates to younger persons or slaves, for a peculium is something that a father allows his son, or a master his slave, to handle as his own.”
locatio, property borrowed at a fixed price
conductio, property borrowed at an established price
res credita, mortgaged property
usura, increment of interest
commodatum, fixed-term limited ownership
precarium, property borrowed on entreaty
mutuum
deposit
pignus, given in place of something borrowed
arra, given as first partial payment
fiducia, transference of property on trust
hypotheca, loaned without a pignus
momentum, short-term loan
instrument, used to make
knife
reed-pen
axe
instructum, that which is made by an instrument
staff
codex
table
usus, use of a thing
usufructus
“Only its yield (fructus) is held for use, and all the other rights remain with someone else.”
usucapio
“The acquisition of ownership through the maintenance of legal possession, either for two years or for some other time.”
mancipatio
“Whoever takes formal possession grasps the property itself that is given into his possession.”
cessio, concession of property
payment, given first
commerce, things for sale
criminal law
time
moments and hours
days
night
week
months
solstices and equinoxes
seasons
years
periods and ages
books the Old and New Testament
libraries
literary works
extracts
homilies
tomes
forms
wax tablets
“Greeks and Etruscans first wrote on wax tablets with an iron stylus. Afterwards the Romans commanded that no one should own an iron stylus (graphium ferreum)…Afterwards it was established that they would write on wax tablets with bones.”
papyrus
Royal Augustan
Libyan
Hieratic, for sacred books
Taeneotic
Saitic
Cornelian
commercial, for wrapping merchandise
parchment
white
yellowish
purple
bookmaking
intestinal membranes of elephants
interwoven leaves of mallows or palms
terminology
codex
scroll
leaf
page writing tools
reed-pen
quill
“The tip of a quill is split into two, while its unity is preserved in the integrity of its body, I believe for the sake of a mystery, in order that by the two tips may be signified the Old and New Testament, from which is pressed out the sacrament of the Word poured forth in the blood of the Passion.” ecclesiastical offices
mass
choir
works
lesson
canticle
psalm, what is sung to the psaltery
oblation
offertory by high priests
gift, given to God
present, given to a human
sacrifice
immolation
hostia
victima
holocaust
consecration
dedication
libation
supplication, from the goods of people who had suffered punishments
“Thus holy things took their being from the belongings of the accursed.”
ceremony
sacrament
prayer
fasting
penitence
confession
litany
God, angels, and saints
God
Trinity
Father
Son
Holy Spirit
angels
presaged names
patriarchs
prophets
apostles
martyrs
clerics
monks
church and sects
languages, nations, reigns, military, citizens, family relationships
certain terms in alphabetical order. human being
animals
livestock
beasts
small animals
snakes
vermin
fish
birds
tiny flying animals
the cosmos the earth buildings and fields stones and metals
dust and dirt clods
earthy materials from water
stone
common stones
more important stones
marble
gem
green
red
purple
white
black
varicoloured
crystalline
fiery
golden
glass
metal
gold
silver
bronze
iron
lead
tin
electrum
weight
measure
symbol
rural matters
agriculture
fruits of the earth
legumes
vines
trees
aromatic tres
plants
common plants
aromatic plants
garden vegetables
war and games
war
triumphs
military standards
war-trumpets
arms
sword
spear
arrow
quiver
sling
battering ram
protection
shield
cuirass
helmet
forum
spectacles
gymnastics
jump
race
throw
feat of strength
wrestling
palestra
competition
circus games
circus
apparatus
turning-post
obelisk
starting-gate
chariot
charioteer
team of four
horses
colors worn by horses
seven laps
racers
riders
horse-vaulter
foot racer
theater
stage building
orchestra
tragedian
writer of comedy
stage musician
actor
mime
dancer
amphitheatre
equestrian game
net-fighter
pursuer
ensnarer
skirmisher
combat to the death
gaming board
dice-tumbler
gaming counter
dice
ball games craft
ship
types
raft
trireme
Carpasia
Liburna, merchant ship
beaked ship
long ship
musculus, short ship
calo, a little boat that carries wood to soldiers ancyromachus, carries anchors and other instruments
phaselus
skiff
mioparo, built of wicker covered with rough hide
barge, carries the freight of a ship to shore
paro, suited for pirates
celox
bireme
trireme
quadrireme
penteris
hexeris
actuary, driven by sail and oars
hippagogus, transporting horses
plutonium, rowed river vessel
lembus, used in the Po river and marshes
portemia
trabaria, river-boat hollowed out from single tree trunk
parts
stern
prow
hull
keel
forus
deck
oarlock
gangway
pons
thwart
oar
blade
yardarm
cornua
mast
mast-step
mast-head
pulley
parastata
tiller
porticulus
grapple
anchor
sails
acation, largest, in the middle
epidromus, next largest, in the stern
dolo, smallest, in the prow
artemo, for direction
siparum, for weak wind
mendicum
rope
cord holds rafts together
rudens, ship’s rope
spirae, for storms
propes, for foot of sail
tormentum, from prow to stern
scaphon, for prow
opisphora, for ends of yardarms
prosnesium, to attach ship to shore
mitra, binding ship in the middle
anquina, binding yardarm to mast
tow-rope
strap, to attach oar to thole-pin
sounding-lead, to test the depth of the sea
net
synplagium
drag-net for bottom fishing
tragum
basket net
hunting-net
mosquito-net
metalworking
smithy
bellows
forge
tools
anvil
hammer
marcus
martellus
marculus
tongs
file
chisel
building
siting
construction
decoration
ceiling panel
wall panel
mosaic
moulding
picture
colouring
tools
carpenter’s square
plumb-line
ruler
string
trowel
hammer
scaffolding
ladder
woodworking
cloth-making
types of clothing
priestly vestments
covering
garment
outer garments
men
women
national costumes
ornaments
women’s head ornaments
bedspreads
fabrics
wool
beaver wool
fleece
flax
byssum
hemp
stuppa
cobweb
silk
fabric dye
tools
rings
belts
footwear
provisions and implements
dining
table
“Daedalus was the first to make a table and a chair…The word table (mensa) was made from eating (esus) and consuming (comesus), for a table has no other use.”
meals
breakfast
lunch
merenda
annona
dinner
foodstuffs
bread
meat
lard
offal
broth
cheese
milk
colostrum
honey
drink
water
wine
merum, pure
mustum, with sediment
crucius, sour wine for slaves
vinegar
sicera
beer
lees
garum
liquamen
juice
dishes
materials
ceramics
“A ceramic (fictilis) dish is not called fashioned (fictus) because it is mendacious, but because it is shaped, so that it may have a certain form.”
metal
chased dish, modelled with an engraver’s burin
chrysendetus vessel, inlaid with gold
forms
dish
tableware
parapsis, four-sided dish with compartments of equal size
paten, with a spreading open rim
platter, hollowed out
salver, little shield
apophoreta, flat tray
salt-cellar
vinegar cruet
spoons
drinking vessel
phiala, made of glass
patera, with wide rim
mixing-bowl, two-handled vessel
ladle
goblet
cymbium, drinking-bowl
amystis, drunk in one
baccea
chalice
wine-cup
scala
ampulla
carrying vessel
oenophorum, for carrying wine
flascae
flagon
sicula
seriola
wineskin
hydria, for carrying water
bucket
amphora
orca
scyphus, for washing hands
milking-pail
basin, for bathing infants
albeum, for ablutions
laver, for washing feet
siphon, blown water
oil vessels
hemicadium
ascortia, made of leather
alabastrium, for ointments
pyx, a boxwood container
lenticula, made of bronze or silver
cookware
pot
pan
kettle
bronze cauldron
frying pan
tripod
hand-mill
sieve
fire-shovel
storage
arca, strongbox
gazophylacium, temple strongbox for alms for the poor loculus, underground storage place
coffer
scrinium, for book scrolls
bag
pouch, for money
knapsack
wrapper
fiscus, public purse
basket
wicker-basket chest pannier
hamper
lighting
fireplace
firebrand oil-lamp
candlestick lacunarium, hanging lamp wax torch chandelier
lantern lucubrum
pyre
lighthouse sitting or reclining
lectica
frame
backboard
coverlet
straw mat
cot camp-bed
spinga, with images of sphinxes
Punic bed, small and low from Carthage
bridal bed
cradle for infants
bier for the dead
coffin couch
semicircular couch
large dining couch
cushioned couch
stool
footstool
tripod
scansilium, a step where a distinguished person takes his seat
seat
throne for kings bench for others
chair for scholars
curule for magistrates
driving
wagon
chariot
carpentum pompaticum, processional carriage
cart, two-wheeled
caracutium, with very high wheels
capsus, enclosed on all sides
pilentum, formerly used by matrons
basterna, fitted with soft rugs
other tools
walking stick
stake
lever, for loosening doors and stones
forfex
tailors’ scissors
barbers’ tweezers
blacksmiths’ tongs
razor
combs
curling iron
key
catenatum, latch or chain
clock, a sundial rural tools
plowing
plow
plowshare
plow-beam
share-beam
pruning pruning knife
pruning hook
bush-hook
aserrula
hoeing
hoe
drag-hoe
mattock
spade
dibble for planting
threshing
roller
threshing-sledge winnowing-shovel
pitchfork
measuring
tallies
milling and pressing
trapetum for olives
prelum
vat
verennis
qualus
strainer
sieve
garden tools
waterwheel
pulley
swing-beam
tribal water-bucket
wolf, an iron grapple equestrian tools
medallion, an ornamental boss
bit forces horse to neigh
wolf-toothed bit, a harsh type
rein
halter
saddle
chest-strap
belt
packsaddle
lasso
spur
goad
currycomb
branding iron
cauterising iron